History of Broadway Essay

There have been many debates on whether or not Broadway musicals are considered â€Å"serious† art forms. People feel that a musical can never be taken seriously if the character is always singing sporadically, which is very unusual in real life. However, musicals have been around for quite some time now, many musicals are being adapted into major motion pictures, many children are raised on the famous Disney musical cartoons and everybody( whether they’ll admit it or not) has seen at least one musical in their lifetime and are able to sing some of the songs from it. It seems that musicals have made an impact on society but yet are still not taken seriously. The history of musicals dates back to the Greeks. It is a common known fact that the Greeks incorporated song and dance into their stage comedies and tragedies as early as the 5th Century B. C. Some used existing songs but it is known that Sophocles wrote his own. The Romans are also known for taking the Greek musicals and expanding on them. The Romans liked the idea of musicals so much that they attached metal chips to their shoes, creating the first tap shoes, so that there would be more focus on the dancing throughout the play. Of course musicals and the idea of telling stories through song and dance really became popular through the Renaissance era. During the 1700’s the two main types of plays were ballad operas and comic operas. Many people think that musicals evolved from operas however if you follow the history of musicals and operas you will learn that it is the other way around yet operas are much more respected than musicals. Musicals came to America during the mid-1800’s as saloon shows. They were also known as variety shows and consisted of everything from clowns, singers, dancers and chorus girls. In Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York (Farrar, Strauss, Giroux, New York, 1991, p. 92), historian Luc Sante, claims that variety shows were born in Manhattan’s Bowery saloons during the 1840s. One of the first and most famous variety houses was Koster and Bial’s on West 23rd Street in New York City. The variety shows were very distasteful and were later cleaned up and renamed vaudeville then in the 1900’s the shows were cleaned up even more and were then known as minstrelsy. While the minstrelsy shows were much cleaner than the original variety show they would still be considered extremely raunchy by today’s standards. Musicals later came to take the form of the misunderstood form of Burlesque performances. Burlesque shows became popular and kept America entertained from 1840 through the 1960’s. Many people identify burlesque with strippers or scantily dressed women. The burlesque shows however covered many topics of interest from Shakespeare to spoofs of the famous operas of the moment. In 1860 Burlesque made its appearance on Broadway with Lydia Thompson’s British burlesque troupe and their first hit entitled Ixion. It became clear that respectable people would pay lots of money for a sexy performance. The theatre group would use popular songs of that time and parts of operas to perform too which made some of the audience try to say made the Burlesque show more classy and easier to relate too. Soon the offended audience members began to raise their voices in protest of the performances saying that they were extremely inappropriate and tasteless. This of course only made people more curious about the performances and the crowds began to grow for the show. With the success of the shows people began to copy them and bring them back to their own communities. The majority of the managers and choreographers were women and finally women were beginning to gain respect in the theatre business. Men quickly began to see the success and start their own shows. The point of the shows were to hint at the idea of the women being naked and to show as much skin as was considered acceptable. The Burlesque shows, while being popular, were considered to be the lowest form of theatre, many of the actors would move on to vaudeville shows which were considered to be the top of the line where if a vaudeville actor would appear in a Burlesque show it was considered a step down and the actor was labeled as â€Å"washed up†. Burlesque soon took on comedy routines and would make fun of the current issues that the middle and lower class were dealing with. However in the 1920’s there began a raid and the police felt the need to shut down all of the Burlesque shows which was a major hit to the Manhattan society where most of the theatres were at the time. While the Burlesque scene was popular musical comedies were beginning to rise without the help of the nudity factor. The musical comedy was born on Broadway between the years 1878-1884 by the famous producers Edward (Ned) Harrigan and Tony Hart. Harrigan would write the lyrics and songs with some of the music he had taken from his father and add them to plays that would feature characters and situations that the everyday lives of New York’s lower class. They had one particularly famous bit entitled â€Å"Mulligan Guard’s March† which started in San Francisco and was quickly spread all across the country and reached New York where it ran for over a year in the most popular theatres. With the success of their short bit they expanded into a 40 minute performance which was greatly accepted and kept playing for a month which was considered a good run for that time. Their show became so popular that it started a seven year run of different shows with Harrigan directing, producing, performing and writing the scripts and lyrics. Their shows ran with much success on Manhattans downtown streets and overpopulated theatres. People quickly saw the success and began to try to create their own versions of this new style known as musical comedies. Some had success but were quickly forgotten or overlooked with Harrigan and Hart’s success. The more light-hearted and â€Å"cheesy† musicals began to pop up all over the Broadway scene in 1940. The Broadway producers felt that with America at war and people still suffering from the Depression audiences just wanted to be entertained and no longer wanted to see their troubles and everyday situations acted out on stage because they were no longer comical. There were still a few comedies left however, one of the most popular being This is the Army a comedy which spoofed the army life. This particular play had a huge success in America and also had successful run in London. This is the Army became so popular that they even made a motion picture out of the play which earned over $9 million and donated to the Army’s Emergency Relief fund. The 1940’s were filled with famous musicals all with the hopes of just being pure entertainment and losing the idea that only the most artistic performances would be well received. Two of the most famous musical writers in the history of the business made their debut during this time, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. Rodgers and Hammerstein were friends in college and both agreed that the best way to approach a musical was with the lyrics first, which was rare for the time. When the two were ready to debut their loved musical Oklahoma the Theatre Guild was bankrupt so the two took the major decisions in their own hands. They took some major risks one being to not open with a big catchy theatrical number and the other being to cast smaller unknown actors instead of the guaranteed success of the more popular actors of the time. The play was something that had never been seen before; it was a well rounded well written musical. On opening night in New York the show however was not sold out, since there were no major known stars, however the show quickly became a huge success. The success of Oklahoma changed the quality of musicals forever. It was soon realized that musicals could contain more than just â€Å"cheesy† dance numbers; musicals could contain drama, comedy and all around quality acting. Future musicals had higher standards and required better and more talented actors. The actors had to be skilled dancers, singers and actors. There was a lot of talent discovered all over the theatre community during the 40’s while everybody tried to compete with and follow the success of Oklahoma, however most of the talent was quickly forgotten. The 1950’s were soon open the musical community and show tunes were considered the main source of entertainment. Even the smaller musicals that did not have the most talented actors could be very profitable because the audience hoped to discover another winning team like Rodgers and Hammerstein. The fantastic duo were still ruling the musical world of Broadway, at one point they had 4 successful musicals running at the same time. In 1959 one of the most famous musicals of all time was created and praised, The Sound of Music. Everybody loved the music and the story and it was an immediate success, however it is also remembered as their last great success together as Hammerstein died just a few months after it opened which brought the end of their ruling. The 60’s and 70’s also had some great success in the musical worlds with the idea of bring rock music to the stage. In the 60’s show tunes could not be found in musicals and were replaced by edgier rock songs. The 60’s are of course known as the years of sex, drugs and rock ‘n roll and those ideas were put into story lines and portrayed on the stage. The 70’s had two major hits with Grease and The Wiz. However, the 70’s ended on a bad not for musicals because many people were tired of the shoddy performances being produced and their change in taste of music. There were some other great musicals that were produced in the 70’s but unfortunately they went overlooked. At the end of the decade revivals were beginning to pop up with famous actors playing the major roles in the musicals to boost up ticket sales. In 1980 the success of Broadway was revived with the huge success of Cats. The success and word of Cats spread all across the world and totally revived the spirit of the musical theatre. Many American composers debuted works after the success of Cats but sadly many failed. One of the biggest failures, Carrie, made its debut in 1988 which many considered the death of the Broadway rage of musicals. The main source of entertainment was now and movies and nobody paid much attention to Broadway anymore. Broadway however had one major hit left in The Phantom of the Opera. Andrew Lloyd Webber gave Broadway one last major success which is still running today. The Phantom brought in a new crowd and sold tickets at outrageous prices that the audience did not mind paying for at all, they also spent ton of money on the souvenirs. The 90’s saw a pretty bad drought in musical success except for the mid-90’s when it seemed like musicals were back with the success of Rent, Chicago, Cabaret and Bring in Da’ Noise, Bring in Da’ Funk. The success carried into 2000 and is still working it’s was on a comeback with a hot streak. With the huge success of Chicago being adapted into a major motion picture with huge stars like Rene Zellweger, Richard Gere, Taye Diggs and Catherine Zeta-Jones a new interest and spark was ignited in musicals. The theatre has also seen success recently with The Lion King, Hairspray, Aida, The Producers and Mamma Mia!. Musicals have overseen many changes and has a great history of success and failures just like any other type of theatre. As stated in the beginning many children are raised on musicals and grow up surrounded by music yet musicals are not seen as serious pieces of art. While the most popular musicals are the entertaining ones that don’t deal with any major issues that doesn’t mean that they can’t be serious as well. There are many types of musicals but why does that make them less important? Should comedic plays be seen as less artistic than dramatic pieces? Musicals have just as an important background and history as plays so I feel they should be viewed just as valuable to our society as any other piece of theatrical art. While it may be unnatural for a person to just burst out into song throughout their everyday life I don’t think it’s that far of a stretch if it did happen. How many times are we reminded of a song we hear earlier that day and sing it in our head? The only real difference between musicals and everyday life is that when we do sing our songs throughout our lives they aren’t always originals, everybody around you doesn’t join in and automatically know every word and we don’t have perfectly choreographed dance numbers to go along with them, however if we did have all that I think it would make life a lot more exciting and interesting. I am personally jealous of musicals for those reasons and wish they were given more respect.

Toothpaste critique

What's in This Toothpaste? By David Botanist. The audience/reader Is informed about how toothpaste In made, the Ingredients which are used to make Just a bottle of tube and other alternatives that can be used if you opinion about toothpaste changes. The author talks about if toothpaste is something you should consider or keep using. There are a few examples of diction which are present in the essay, the first one would be, â€Å"It's there because people like to have a big gob of toothpaste to spread on the brush.This creates a mental picture/image in the readers mind because, this effect relates to Imagery while the reader Is reading that passage they can relate to It because they have seen It in first person. Another example of imagery is present as the author states, â€Å"The tube of toothpaste is squeezed, it's pinched metal seams are splayed. † This creates the same visual effect in the readers mind, when they are doing that and it is impossible to make the toothpaste t o come out, so this relates to the readers past experience.Another example where David Botanist shows imagery is, â€Å"This is the flavoring, and it has to be strong. Double rectified peppermint OLL Is used. † This creates an Imagery of smell which the reader often smells after brushing his/her teeth. In the essay syntax Is present, the first example is where and how the author places his paragraphs, the author in depth states his first topic and first ingredient and then backs up his argument, he then explains what the ingredient is used for and also gives a description.This show that the paragraphs are well placed and explained, this creates an effect of keeping the essay neat and well organized. Another example where the author shows sentence structure Is how the author keeps the paragraphs hurt, which tends to trick the reader that he Is reading less but really he Is reading the same but faster. This creates an effect of speeding up the tempo of the essay. Usually if the paragraphs are too long the reader tends to get bored or distracted.Another example is the author makes a statement, â€Å"Water mostly, 30 to 45 percent in most brands: ordinary, everyday simple tap water. † In the essay this is an incomplete sentence where the author makes a statement and carries on, this creates an effect of a pause so the reader can think about that basically people pay three dollars or more for water. A powerful rhetorical device which is used is juxtaposition, where the author compares two things, toothpaste and water, â€Å"studies show that brushing with just plain water will often do as a good Job. This give an alternative for the reader if their opinion on toothpaste changes. A second rhetorical device is hypoxia, where the author raises a question but ends up answering it himself to add effect, â€Å"Is that it? Chalk, water, paint, seaweed, antifreeze, paraffin 011, detergent, and peppermint? Prove his point, also it allows the author to write more, the effect of this is that this is play on word.The third rhetorical device which is present is colloquialism, word like â€Å"bobbing,† â€Å"gob,† â€Å"goodies,† and other slang words that the author uses to get his point across for everyone, interpreting the author you can tell that the author uses informal words to connect with the younger audience. The tone that the author sets is for a younger audience, the author uses in formal word, to target teenagers, another target is the people who don't know much about toothpaste. The title of the essay grabs the attention of the reader and forces them to read. Toothpaste is meeting people use daily but they have no clue what it is made up of.The mood which is created is the audience feeling disgusted because toothpaste manufactures use; pesticide, detergent and chalk: the kind that teachers use to write on the black board, and that is the same toothpaste we put in our mouth. Another mood is the audience is i nformed about how bad toothpaste could be if swallowed. Overall the writing choices made by the author were remarkable, really loved the message the author way trying to get across. In the end David Botanist serves his purpose of writing the essay of educating people about toothpaste.

How have certain specific societies or cultures tended to view the Essay

How have certain specific societies or cultures tended to view the individual person, his or her relationship to government, and the concept of individual freedom - Essay Example We can analyze these legacies and identify the most probable reasons why they have gone extinct through the ages. One strain of individual/state relation that has since left us is the truly God-centric view of the state and its justification. The Enlightenment, with its secularization of society, attempted to move the reasoning behind state power away from the dictates of an all-powerful creator, and move it to the realm of man. What is not so clear in our present age is how the individual related to the state in a time when God was indeed the central philosophic focus of all government and social power, when priests and religious men made all decisions under the watchful eye of God. One such society was that of Judah and Israel with the Hebrews upon their Exodus from the sands of Egypt. How was the individual seen then as opposed to now? In the Israelite society, government was seen as the intermediary between man and God, enforcing God’s will. Any governing force not acting on God’s will was portrayed as malicious and evil. Individuals, of course, serve the state as they serve God, for the state is a surrogate for divine power. 1 Maccabees, the deuterocanonical Jewish book, begins after Alexander the Great has conquered Judea and his empire has been split on his death. The entirety of the book encompasses the events after the suppression of Jewish rites in Judea, ordered by the Greek Seleucid Antiochus IV. Antiochus imposes his will on Jerusalem, extracting objects from the Jewish temple, slaughtering worshippers, and enforcing a tax and building a fortress in the city. To make matters worse, Antiochus smothers the observance of Jewish laws, desecrates the temple and forbids the practice of circumcision. Antiochus establishes an idol in place of the Jewish god, forcing members of the community to make sacrifices to it. This all comes in an attempt to reestablish the Hellenistic culture and, in some respects, the Greek polis in

CIO ORGANIZATION PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CIO ORGANIZATION PAPER - Essay Example Among the 22 people in the IT department, there is an overlap of roles as was revealed during Carol’s interview with the staff. This calls for the need to change the type of leadership to the department if the new outfit of a CIO organization is to yield intended results. The most appropriate leadership style given the facts is Transactional Leadership. This style has the fundamental concept that; team members agreed to remain obedient to their leader at the time of accepting the job. It follows the principle that the members are paid for their effort and compliance with the rules, failure to which the leader is at liberty to punish (Kippenberger, 2002). It is the right style because it clearly defines everyone’s roles and responsibilities which will bring to an end the present overlap, and rewards performers, so any ambitious member of the team will receive reward for extra effort. The reward system under this style challenges employees to work hard and find a reason t o love their jobs. Given the current situation, Transactional leadership will bring new ways of conducting business in the CIO organization and inject fresh energy among employees for optimal productivity. The current IT framework at WW appears to be segmented with various systems serving specific areas of the organization. Accurate Financial System serves finance; Mobile Application is intended for sales staff, route optimization and freight checking system for operations and dispatch with fleet maintenance system meant for scheduling routine and preventative repairs. The fragmented aspect of this system implies that IT support staff is needed at each terminal with six support people currently offering support at the present six terminals, one per location. This has left few members of the team to handle development of new systems, carryout routine system security checks and keep tab with the new financial system. To ensure WW

How doest the internet affect the teen age generations Research Paper

How doest the internet affect the teen age generations - Research Paper Example (Christensen and Livingston, 2003 p.786) communication and socialization technologies such as chat rooms, instant messaging, text messaging as well as personal webs and social web sites has provided the teenagers to reach to diverse sources of opportunity and knowledge (Wakefield and Rice, 2008, p.21). This is a positive impact and has changed the mode of communication and socializing among the teenagers as they seek opportunities and knowledge with the least time and cost. However, these opportunities have come with their challenges. While we embrace the new technology and its impact on the communication and socialization arena, it is important for the concerned agencies and learning institution to provide guidance to the teenagers. This is because the new technology has not only come with lots of benefits to the youths, but it has also been accompanied by other negative impacts. This is because the technology is free and there is no screening of information so that the right inform ation is passed to the right person at the right time. The teenagers have therefore accessed certain information that are not meant to them at this age and hence has influenced their social behavior, moral behavior, and personality, emotional, intellectual, physical and spiritual development (Wakefield and Rice, 2008, p.1). ... It has resulted to the teenager’s preference to socialize and communicate online rather than communicate in person. According to Christensen and Livingston (2003 p.787), affordable internet technology has increased the level of interaction through facebook or twitter rather than communication and interaction within the public social places, institutions or just along the streets. The advancement in mobile phone internet technology has made it very simple for the individuals to interact at any time and place. Availability of facebook mobile has even increased the rate at which the teenagers socialize online and hence it is possible to learn from the other person in the shortest time possible. However, this development and increasing communication and socialization have resulted into the development of individuals who lack personality. Interaction on the internet has resulted into the teens growing but lack important social skills and hence may not communicate effectively with t heir peers (Wakefield and Rice, 2008 p.2). Development of social skills is however very important at this stage of development. Since teenagers mainly consist of adolescents and emerging adulthood, it is important to note that they are undergoing cognitive development which is vital for their social well being. Personality development is vital at this stage since because it would influence the individuals in the future. However, social sites like MySpace and facebook does not provide the opportunity for the individuals to face social challenges while interacting hence it is difficult for the teenagers to develop the socializing skills that are important for healthy interaction with their peers (Christensen and Livingston, 2003 p.788). Close communication

Materials Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materials Development - Essay Example the gadget was made from low-cost materials it will keep on spoiling as it is not strong enough to withhold the magnitude of activities that are being performed on it. Therefore, it is important to produce high-cost gadget rather than low-cost as they will have more features; hence, creating a competitive market base. Producing low-cost materials is wasteful as most of the funds will be used in the marketing strategy, which may fail as the product is not eye-catching. I did not buy my argument because it is not practical to make low-cost gadget that keep customers complaining and replacing. It is vital for an organization to make products that are competitive and that fulfil the customer’s needs (Yaeger, Thomas & Peter 118). I was swayed by the other team’s argument because when a gadget is produced with high-cost materials, it maintains customers as they are satisfied with the products as they have the necessary gadgets to use in the daily lives. Additionally, high-cost products mean that the organization will patent their technology, thus, ensuring that no other products are made with the same features; hence, lowering the value of low-cost materials. Moreover, making low-cost products will mean more clean-up, replacement, which decreases customer loyalty towards the products making the low-cost products

Creating of a Product in Python Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creating of a Product in Python - Assignment Example The paper tells that Python’s design philosophy mainly accentuates on code readability that is a concept the author clearly understood more than the other team members. Jason, the team leader, ensured that every team member understood the role they were supposed to play. Therefore, the author had a perfect understanding of the role he had to play in the project, and this understanding did not change at any point during the process of completing the project. The author’s team was knowledgeable about all the stages involved in completing this project. They all worked for a common good that was to produce a workable project that is the best in our class. Being a group that was formed by people that hardly knew each other the researcher does think that their performance was high even though they had a slow start. Their performance was high because the group members had complementary skills and talents that were aligned with and devoted to a common objective. Their high-perf ormance was also as a result of high levels of innovation and collaboration consistently showed by all the group members from the start of the project to the end. They all functioned as a team. All team members contributed their energy and time to the project. More outstandingly, all team members played a part in the decision-making process. All members trusted each other and this added value to the project. However, during the beginning of project management, the speed of working was slow. They had fallbacks due to lack of communication skills. They corrected this and ensured that they functioned as a team by having open communication where every team member contributed ideas, asked for clarification on anything in the project that was confusing, and we listened to each other carefully. Teams function if all its member roles are clearly defined. Moreover, teams function better if all the roles of a project have been evenly distributed to the members.  

European Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Business - Research Paper Example A major reduction in demand in the largest market of EU, Germany, was the main reason for export reduction in countries like France, Italy and UK which are its main export partners for automobiles. The following figure shows that the proportion of companies exporting in the EU countries in 2006 had substantially declined over the 1997 period. The situation worsened post financial crisis of 2008 following which countries like Ireland, Greece and Turkey suffered deep economic downturn. The tourism industry also suffered immensely on account of the financial crisis of 2008. All the 27 members of the EU block suffered both resident and non-resident night spends decline since 2008 (Leviev-Sawyer 2010). With the exception of Sweden which saw a positive 0.1% increase in night spend, there was up to 23.3% reduction in member countries like Latvia (Leviev-Sawyer 2010). Another notable feature was that non-residents formed only 44% of nights spent in hotels and residents formed 56% of the nigh t occupancy in 2009 across all the EU member countries. This shows that the proportion of tourist movement across the member countries was much lower as compared to the internal tourist night spends. Thus, the present crisis had a major negative impact on cross border tourism industry within the member countries. ... ows the following pattern (Luff 2008): UK stands at the sixth position in the list of countries which had investments in Turkey between 2002 and 2007 (Luff 2008). If we look at the number of companies of British origin which have invested in Turkey, we can see a substantial rise since 2002. The following figure shows the pattern of investment (Luff 2008). All the major British companies like Tesco, Vodafone, HSBC, Shell, Imperial Tobacco and BP have their investments here. The following chart shows the top 5 FDI inflows into Turkey in 2006 (Luff 2008). The top 3 companies are from the EU member countries and have invested in telecom and banking sectors. This is mainly because of the opening up of these sectors by the Turkish government. Another industry which has substantial impact for the EU member countries is the outsourcing industry. Poland experienced the largest inflow of outsourcing business during the period 1995 to 2002 (Lorentowicz, Marin and Raubold 2005). Austria was the next in line. The following table shows the FDI patterns of Austria and Poland during the various periods. The pattern shows that Austria has substantially increased its investments in new member countries like Hungary, Poland, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria while investments into UK have decreased over the previous decades. If we look at Poland’s inflows, we can see that France, Germany and Netherlands accounts for around 51% of the FDI (Lorentowicz, Marin and Raubold 2005). This shows that Poland is a favorite destination for these countries for outsourcing businesses mainly because of the availability of low cost and highly skilled work force. The major drivers of outsourcing business to these new member countries are low labor costs and cultural affinity of these countries to the

Great chain of being Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Great chain of being - Term Paper Example However, the passage of time saw this trend slowly fade away and the classes that were hitherto much respected soon lost significance. A good example of this can be seen from the Tudor Dynasty which tried as hard as it could to maintain the existence of the classes but at the same time developed policies that weakened the chain further. According to Bucholz and Key (87), the Great Chain of Being was a system of governance that classified the English people by class, age and sex. From the divisions, it was able to differentiate who was and was not a knight, an esquire, or a gentleman (Bucholz and Key 11). The first of this class was the royalty and gentlemen who were the rulers of the community. This was the followed by the gentlemen and even among the gentlemen, there were still classes where the first and principal were the king, dukes, among others while next to these were knights, esquires, and simple gentlemen. Despite the strong social hierarchy, the passage of time saw this chain becoming weaker and weaker with the climax coming during the Tudor Dynasty. However, the Tudor Dynasty struggled to maintain the chain but at the same time carried out policies and actions that only led to weaken the Great Chain of Being further (Key and Bucholz 17). In the beginning of the 15th century, the England went through a series of wars that affected both the economy and leadership of the nation. Following the war that was going on in the West Country, the king together with his advisers chose Richard, the then duke of York to be the protector of the Realm. By 1461, the duke of Yolk rebelled against the Lancastrian monarchy that he had sworn to serve loyally. Soon after Richard had taken the throne, he was killed in cold blood by his own son Edward who took power in 1461. However, the Lancastrians went on making rival claims based on origin as well as formal vows of loyalty and this led to widespread violence in the entire country. During the 1460’s and

Assignment Essay Essay Example for Free

Assignment Essay Essay Sustainable tourism is being able to the deliver positive environmental, social, and economical results with thought to the needs of the visitors, host community and surroundings. Sustainability as defined in the Brundtland commission report it states as â€Å"meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations to meet their needs†. For example, the small business are starting to practices sustainability principles by changing to renewable energy sources, reducing use of paper and recycling more. As a result, the concept of sustainability addresses the aspects of â€Å"triple bottom line† meaning the balance of societies, economy and the environment are described by (Bonevac, 2010). According to the World Tourism Organization, â€Å"sustainable tourism means meeting the needs of the present tourist and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future†. Instead of just being a product, sustainable tourism is a philosophy that underpins all tourism actions (Owens, Is there a Meaningful Definition of Sustainability? , 2003). To all tourism development and management, it is a fundamental concept instead of being an add-on factor. The foremost aim of sustainable tourism is to maintain the economic and social return of tourism development while reducing or justifying the unattractive impacts on the natural, historic, cultural or social environment (Governemnt, 2009). The stated objectives attained by matching the needs of tourists with those of the destination. Sustainable tourism is an industry, which challenges to make a little impact on the environment and the local culture, though helping to produce income, employment and the preservation of local ecology. Hence, responsible tourism is both cost-effectively and culturally responsive, meaning have minimum impact on the environment and culture of the host community (Group, 2007). Scotland Tourism Organization has defined sustainable tourism as â€Å"tourism committed to generating a low impact on the surrounding environment and community by acting responsibly while generating income and employment for the local economy and aiding social cohesion† (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Scotland Sustainable tourism aspires to guarantee that economic development in terms of encouraging experience for each one involved local community, Tourism Companies and visitors. In practice, sustainable tourism means greener transport, given that transport is innermost to tourism; however it also put pressure on our natural resources and contributes to our worldwide environment impacts. Procedures like cheering visitors to utilize communal transport, and advance in cleaner forms of transport will assist in this area (Organisation v. . , 2013). Regular and environmental strains a more even stretch of visitors lessens pressures on the natural and built environment and on communities, and capitalizes on the financial payback. Scotland Tourism Organization modifies its advertising drive to persuade a stretch of visitors throughout the year and around state (Organisation v. s. , 2013). For example, â€Å"surprise yourself†. There is necessary to work with the public, private and independent sectors to determine the environmental and social impacts of tourism. These guarantees that tourism expansion carries a encouraging experience for home people, tourism companies and the tourist themselves (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Green accommodation is one in that all room offers lessens their misuse, energy and water use. The green Tourism Business Scheme persuades businesses to trim down their environmental impacts. The scheme is one of the largest of its land in Europe with over 800 Scottish members (Organisation v. s. , 2013). However, any tourism industry can take advantage from flattering more sustainable through safeguarding the very features on which tourism depends; taking a sustainable move to tourism expansion is the only way to guarantee long-term tourism expansion in the South Pacific (Organisation v. s. , 2013). The success of tourism in any country depends on taking care of the environmental or social impacts of tourism development. The visitors benefit from sustainable move to tourism throughout from enhanced relates with local communities, a tall value tourism experiences and a natural and fabricated environment. Thus, by fetching a sustainable tourism destination will provide the South Pacific Tourism Businesses a cutthroat frame by producing community assistance for tourism; attaining value savings and designing innovative marketing prospect. As the tourism industry develop in as many regions and countries, it generates noteworthy impact on the consumption pattern, natural resources, pollution and social systems (Organisation v. s. , 2013). For the industry to survive as a whole it is vital to understand and interpret the need sustainable and responsible planning and management. To begin with, education and collaborative partnership are approaches that can assist destinations attain more sustainable tourism. The whole idea of sustainability based on the association through environmental, ecologically and socially responsible tourism. Partnerships with local communities through rural community gathering before and during development are needed in order to let alone the frequent divergence between conservation initiatives and traditional resources users (Billington, Carter, Kayamba, 2008). The departments from the government can collaborate with the resource owners to develops and negotiate over the investment on proposal (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). For example, the Chumbe Island Coral Park is a good example of collaborate partnership, which was developed to sustain the natural beauty and attractions of the island (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). Chumbe Island is located in the Indian Ocean channel of the coast of the semi autonomous region of Zanzibar (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). The person responsible for the project on the natural park at Chumbe Island was (David, 2011). During her work life, (David, 2011) experience the need for the conservation and sustaining of the natural flora and fauna. (David, 2011) developed an innovative approach to protect marine conservation combined with tourism development through the sustainable and multilevel partnership approach to promote successful marine park management, awareness of marine conservation and sustainable tourism management. David, 2011) Develop a small marine park that would help consume a unspoiled coral reef, offer environmental education for both the locals and the foreign visitors and generate management fund through authentic ecotourism. Thus, the need for the park at Chumbe Island arose due to improper aid and the government in the country noted conservation programs. Hence, the collaborative partnership arose to sustain the nature conservation of Tanzania for the future (English National Park Authori ties Association, 2009). Secondly, the partnership approach deals with the local communities because they are the essential people who are the resource owners (Governemnt, 2009). Engaging the local community in the environmental education on sustainability through workshops and seminars will increase their concerns for the global issues such as climate change (Clark, 2013). In addition, collaboration with NGO has to hold workshops with the angler’s, to engage them in sustainable fishing practices and conservation of the resources (David, 2011). Thus, the young and the old generation in the area is to be informed about sustainable fishing practices, laws and regulation regarding fishing practices and marine conservation area and the benefits of marine protected areas (Ki-Hoon Ball, 2003). All this environmental awareness, education and training initiative with the community are to provide skill development on sustainable tourism (Group, 2007). The scale of growth of the tourism industry In the South Pacific is rapidly and that the environmental and social, economic impacts of it cannot be overlooked (Azam Sarker, 2011). This has caused the Pacific Region to find ways in which the industries could be made more sustainable. The industry is more sustainable through minimizing resource use and waste production (Othman, 2004). For the sustainability of tourism, water is the major issue for concern. For example, a tourist in a hotels uses on standard one third of more water per day than a local inhabitant uses and put severe restriction on local supply (Othman, 2004). Activities such as golf course, artificial snow ski’ resorts are in demand of water. For small and medium sized business, sustainability thought of an expensive and difficult idea (Billington, Carter, Kayamba, 2008). Most of the dominating tourism industries in the South Pacific have not actively engaged in government activities that encourages that adoption of sustainability practices (David, 2011). There are a number of barriers identified by the researchers that hinds implementing sustainability practices in South Pacific tourism businesses including the financial crisis for implementation, the labor insecurity of being certified, lack of government and industry support the technical nature of information forums. Hence are a number of actions businesses could undertake to improve environmental performance (Azam Sarker, 2011). Activities’ relating to efficient resources use and waste management includes minimizing energy consumption, for example using open ventilation instead of air-conditioning and heaters encouraging the use of renewable sources and improved technology also Getting involved in accreditation programs (Owens, Is there a Meaningful Definition of Sustainability? 2003). There is a need to promote and facilitate the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials and water quality including the efficient treatment of sewerage, avoiding discharge into marine and rivers (Organisation, 2005). For example, in Australia the Australian formula 1 ING grand Prix Corporation, which works with environmental packaging and waste recycling partner to minimize the impact of the race on the environment? Billington, Carter, Kayamba, 2008) Thus, by minimizing waste use, energy use and waste production, businesses can reduce their impact on the environment and achieve cost savings (Ki-Hoon Ball, 2003). Furthermore, the conserving and giving value to natural and cultural heritage is of critical importance’s, in order to enhance the quality of life of local communities through tourism, and connect the people in is scheduling and management (Organisation, 2005). The growing awareness’s and generating direct and indirect support for conservation is the key role played by the tourism industry (Group, 2007). The generation of economic propensity for the tourism industry is to provide with quality natural and cultural heritage (Azam Sarker, 2011). This would ensure the long-term competitiveness, viability and the prosperity of tourism enterprises and destinations and the quality of life of local communities and to the visitor experience by providing a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience to the visitors available to all without discrimination by gender, race, religion, disability or in other ways (Organisation, 2005). Areas that are of importance to tourism natural and cultural includes the natural landscapes quality and variety, man-made cultural landscapes, heritage and historic sites, the flora and fauna diversity, local uniqueness such as art, crafts, cuisine, language events and festivals (Organisation, 2005). Thus, to address these issues listed above relevant action like being more prepared to use the tourism argument as to fund the prevention of nature and culture and to prevent damaging change (Clark, 2013). Also strengthening the relationship between protected area and local tourism interest, within the context of a sustainable tourism strategy and action plan would lead the South Pacific to be more sustainable (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Sustainable development is holistic in nature; therefore, it requires management of policies and coordination of action between sectors (Othman, 2004). To control the impact of tourism initiated by environmental or developmental strategies and policies legislation and regulations are necessary (Governemnt, 2009). Appropriate strategies or sets of policies for specific aspects of tourism were developed. For example, in Bulgaria the separate strategy for ecotourism, which reflects the sustainability principles? (Bonevac, 2010) This initiative can also be taken by the local Ministry of Environment of Tourism to integrate the strategy in terms of regulations (David, 2011). In coordinating and ensuring success of this specific sub-sector, such regulations and legislations can be very helpful. This can be very helpful in demonstrating processes and formulating policies that could be modified more widely in tourism (Ki-Hoon Ball, 2003). Strategy and policies must be developed and implemented at both local and national level in order to achieve effective result. Most countries in the South Pacific are in the process of decentralizing their political and administrative structures so local decision-making is the vital aspect toward sustainability development (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). An integrated approach to the development and management of tourism is within local destinations, is recognized as the most successful direction to sustainable tourism (Governemnt, 2009). Thus, it is vital for the national and local strategies to be corresponding but these two variable in tourism strategies vary in terms of national tourism strategies relates to the national tourism vision of the overall position and direction (Organisation v. s. , 2013). While local tourism strategies relates to the holistic of the local destinations in areas such as local objectives and priorities, local resource opportunity and constraints and many more (David, 2011). Hence, the identifying of policies and instruments to create the enabling environment for sustainable tourism is more of national strategy while the determining of what happens on ground is more of local strategies (Governemnt, 2009). Both the national and local tourism strategies are required for sustainable tourism to embrace the principles of sustainable development and both strategies are reliable and commonly reinforcing (Othman, 2004). Finally, the command control instrument allows government to exert strict control over certain aspects of development and operation, backed by legislation (Organisation, 2005). Legislation, regulation and licensing are the interdependent tools that can be used to strengthen sustainability by setting out requirements that are compulsory and enforceable and which lead to sanctions and penalties if they not met (Billington, Carter, Kayamba, 2008). The process of checking and signaling compliance with regulations or otherwise identified obligatory standards; assigning permission to operate is called licensing (Organisation, 2005). To control aspects of business development and operations and to influence people’s behavior government are in a position to apply laws, regulations and penalties. These legislation and regulations must be applied when the governments believes that it is necessary to do so (Governemnt, 2009). Thus, for regulations to be successful, it has to be relevant, clear, practicable in terms of compliance and capable of being enforced. In order the tourism industry to be more sustainable the laws and legislations should enable and support the sustainability of tourism and give authority to act (Billington, Carter, Kayamba, 2008). It should also seek to raise sustainability performance above such standards through other means, which would also stimulate personal commitment towards continual improvement. For example, in the government of Fiji builds up a (EIA) environmental Impact Assessment regulation, which stated that for any company or hotel with an EIA reports in Fiji, has to provide the Fiji Government with an EIA report of the development to progress (Turnbull, 2003). There are a number of areas in which laws and regulations can be implemented to attain more sustainable tourism industry and that includes operation, management and development which are controlled by this legislation to protect the environment, communities, culture and heritage, visitor experience and the business as a whole (Turnbull, 2003). The purpose of government intervention in the sector as law provides a vehicle for underpinning sustainability. These legislations can also provide the basis for enabling the control and licensing of activities specific to the tourism sector and for the undertaking to certain action to support tourism development (Organisation v. s. , 2013). To conclude, sustainable tourism is all about forecasting of long-term, working together examining on results and adaptive to change and the most effective thing is communication to put across the message of sustainable tourism. It is the duty of the private, public and independent sector to acquire leadership role in tackle the challenge of this sector. The degree at which the tourism industry is increasing in the South Pacific forecasts that the environmental and social impacts of tourism cannot be disregarded. Traditionally, a number of sustainable tourism activities has been carried out and is supported by the national Tourism Organization of the South Pacific countries. However, there are a number of challenges that still stay alive and need attention in order to be more sustainable tourism industry, like climate change. In order to tackle these challenges and grip future sustainable opportunities in a harmonized manner, research and development done in these South Pacific countries to handle these issues through sustainable tourism strategy plan. The tourism strategies plans would assist the tourism industry to change unenthusiastic community discernment of the industry and achieve economic benefits through sustainable practices. It believed that it would egg on business to hold sustainable tourism practices in order to meet consumers demand and to improve business performance. Sustainable tourism should be broadcasted and celebrated amongst tourists, host communities and the participants in the industry move the industry toward sustainability. Nevertheless, the commitment to change and improve must be authentic and supported on well-established procedures and actions that is to be achieved.

Wireless Local Area Networks and Security Mechanisms

Wireless Local Area Networks and Security Mechanisms WLAN Wireless Local Area Network LAN Local Area Network IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access NIC Network Interface Card MAC Media Access Control WAP Wireless Access Point AP Access Point NAT Network Address Translation SSID Service Set Identifier IV Initialization Vector IDS Intrusion Detection Systems Wireless local area networking (WLAN) has swiftly become very popular technology all over the world. The WLAN protocol, IEEE 802.11, amongst other associated technologies enable secure access to a wireless network infrastructure. Before the development of wireless networking, clients had to use physical media such as wiring to connect to the network. With the rapid increase in demand and usage of wireless networking, it is vital that secure communication is provided. Since the creation of wireless networks, the security alongside has gone through many different stages of development, from MAC address filtering, to WEP, leading to WPA/WPA2. 2.1 Wireless Communication Wireless communication provides wireless networking between client devices, without the need for a physical connection between them (Obrien, 2008). In order to transmit via wireless signals, radio waves are used. The basic process of communication using radio waves is as follows: A transmitter sends data by turning electrical signals into radio waves A receiver listens for the radio waves and turns them back into electrical signals, which can create the desired output. Figure 1 below shows an illustrated example of this. The use of this communication process enables different scenario requirements to be met, for instance short and longer distances can be achieved simply by altering the strength and size of the transmitter/reciever. It also contains various types of fixed and mobile applications including: mobile phones, two-way radios, computer hardware, GPS units, amongst others. 2.2 Wireless Internet Access Wi-Fi is the term denoted to the functionality in which devices can be connected to the internet without the need of a physical cable. Wi-Fi technology has become the standard for internet access in homes, workplaces and in place spaces. Regardless of the environment, the core setup consists two key components, an access point and wireless devices. 2.2 WLAN Components Within WLAN, two modes of operation exist: ad-hoc and infrastructure. The ad-hoc mode enables a small wireless workgroup to be quickly setup (no access point required), whereas the infrastructure mode is utilized in cooperation with an existing LAN infrastructure; to incorporate wireless clients into the network (Netgear, 2014). Within these two operation modes there are two key components: access points and wireless clients. 2.2.1 Access Points An access points is used to link wireless clients into an existing traditional wired LAN (Netgear, 2014), it doesnt however interconnect two networks (Wallace, 2011). A basic WLAN topology with a Wireless Access Point (WAP) is shown in figure 2. The topology shows an access point connected to the wired LAN, and the wireless clients that connect to the wired LAN via the access point are on the same subnet as the access point (note that no Network Address Translation (NAT) is being performed). Depending on the chosen technology (802.11 a/b/g) and its implementation, a single access point is capable of handling up to several hundred wireless clients (Intel, 2017). The security associated with access points have some special considerations. Many traditional wired networks base the security on physical access, entrusting users currently on the network, whereas anyone within the range of the access point can attach to the network; provided no password is attached. Another concern is if a h acker still manager to bypass the password security, the ability to packet-sniff and intercept data being sent over the wireless network. There are a few security solutions available to address these issues (see section 2.3). 2.2.2 Wireless Clients A wireless client can include a range of devices, including a desktop, laptop, tablet, or mobile phone with a wireless network interface card that enables that device to communicate with an access point. For the client to communicate with the access point, it needs to be configured so that it uses the same SSID (Service Set Identifier) as the access point. An SSID is a case-sensitive alphanumeric string of up to 32 characters (Beal, 2017), and is often referred to as the network name (Intel, 2017). Most access points broadcast their SSID to advertise themselves to wireless clients within its range by default. 2.3 Wireless Security Security is a major concern in wireless networks, where the radio waves carrying the frames can propagate far beyond the confines of the desired area of the wireless access point and hosts; increasing the chances for an unwanted client to connect to the network and intercept data. Within this section, security mechanisms available to address issues surrounding wireless networking including SSID broadcasting, MAC address filtering, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) will be covered. 2.3.1 SSID Broadcasting As mentioned above it is very common for an access point to broadcast themselves to wireless clients within its radius. This results in clients being able to see all available access points (SSIDs) and choose which one to join, meaning users can easily attach to the network; provided no password is attached. Disabling SSID broadcasting makes it much harder for access points to be identified (Farshchi, 2003). However, this results in the clients having to remember and manually enter the SSID to join a specific access point. Whilst being the simplest security measure available, it by the most ineffective method as it provides very little protection against anything but the most casual intrusion (Ou, 2005). 2.3.2 MAC Filtering Another simple security feature available on many access points in MAC (Media Access Control) Address Filtering. This method utilizes the 48-bit address assigned to each network interface card (NIC) and adds them to either a whitelist or blacklist (Cisco, 2008). The restriction of network access through the use of lists is straightforward, however an individual is not identified by a MAC address, rather a device. The method means that an authorized administrator would need to whitelist or blacklist an entry for every device a client may want to use on the network. The process of specifying the approved and rejected MAC addresses can be controlled through the administrator page of the access point (provided it comes with admin tools available), see Figure 3 above. This form of security may be suitable for small home use, it isnt practical for a business level as it provides a massive overhead for the administrator, as they need to manually add each address. Relying on the security fea ture alone isnt enough, as an individual can easily spoof their MAC address to imitate another device (InfoExpress, 2017). 2.3.3 Wired Equivalent Privacy The IEEE 802.11 WEP protocol was introduced as the privacy component of the original 802.11 specification created in 1997, and was initially designed to provide confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network (IEEE, 1997). Both WEP authentication and data encryption use two types of shared secret keys: 40-bit and 104-bit. To create the total encryption key is a combination of the base shared secret key and a 24-bit parameter called the Initialization vector and is used by both the client and server to decrypt the messages sent. The resulting length of the encryption key is 64-bit for the 40-bit shared key, and 128-bit for the 104-bit shared key (Schenk, 2001). The WEP protocol doesnt provide a key management algorithm, so it assumes that the access point and client have agreed on the shared key via another prior method. With each message sent, the IV component of the encryption key can be changed. The original 802.11 specification doesnt standardize how the new IV s hould be created, with the implementation depending on the chosen algorithm. As the IV component of the key can change, it is sent as clear text with the encrypted message (cipher text), as the recipient needs to know the IV component for them to generate the new encryption key also (see figure 4 for the process overview). By having to send the IV as clear text, this means that if these packets were to be intercepted, an unwanted user could easily gain part of the encryption key and potentially access the data. WEP also has its own authentication process (before the data transfer process can commence) consisting of two distinct modes, Open System, and Shared Key (Qnx, 2017). The Open System mode does not require a key for the authentication process, therefore the client is always authenticated; which also means the same configuration for authentication is not required to match. An illustrated process of the Open System authentication is shown in figure 5 below. The steps to authenticate when using Open System mode (Kurose et al, 2013): The client sends an authentication request to the access point. The access point will then authenticate the requesting client. The client connects to the network. The Shared Key authentication method however, requires an encryption key for the authentication process. Unlike the Open System mode, the Shared Key authentication requires both the client and access point to use the same authentication configuration. An illustrated process of the Shared Key authentication mode is shown in figure 6 below. The following steps occur when using Shared Key Authentication (Kurose et al, 2013): The client sends an authentication request to the access point. The access point sends challenge text to the station. The client uses the pre-configured default key to encrypt the challenge text received, and sends the encrypted text to the access point. The access point decrypts the received text using its own pre-configured key that corresponds to the clients key. The text is compared, and if it matches, then the client is authenticated. The client connects to the network. When WEP was initially created, it performed the job it was designed and intended for; however as technology become more readily available and advanced; the security issues in the WEP protocol began to show. The WEP protocol was contains three major problems which make wireless networking more unsecure. The first major disadvantage is that the shared key needs to be sent to every single user on the network and this isnt an easy task. Another disadvantage is that the encryption key size is only 40-bit or 104-bit; which is a very small size and can easily be hacked with open source software. Due to the security flaws, WEP was deprecated in 2004 with the introduction of WPA and WPA2 to more a more reliable and robust security service. 2.3.4 Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 The 802.11i WPA2 protocol was introduced in 2004, as an improvement upon the intermediate WPA protocol and original WEP protocol. The WPA protocol increases security by introducing two new protocols: 4-way handshake, and the group key handshake. The two protocols use authentication and port access services in WPA2 to create and alter the encryption keys (IEEE, 2004). Add something here The four-way handshake is an authentication process that occurs between an access point and the client. It is method used for them both to prove to one another that they both know the Pairwise Master Key (PMK), without ever needing to disclose any part of the key; already providing more security over WEP. The process of sending encrypted message between the client and access point is still adopted from the WEP protocol, and if they successfully decrypt the message; then it proves they are knowledgeable of the PMK (Chaudhary, 2014). This process is vital in protecting the PMK from malicious and unwanted users, even if an attackers network id (SSID) was impersonating a real access point, the PMK would still never have to be disclosed. Amongst the content in the aforementioned sections, there are other aspects that also relate to both wireless networking and wireless security. The most relevant aspect to consider is operational security, which includes three sub components: firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). These systems provide an extra layer of security to attempt to block, detect and resolve security issues. 3.1 Firewalls A firewall is a combination of software and hardware that isolates an organizations internal network from the internet, controlling which packets are allowed to pass through, and those that are blocked (Boudriga, 2010), by scanning the header fields of each packet to check if it passes the defined criteria. Figure 8 shows an illustrated example of where a physical firewall would sit within a networking infrastructure. Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls (Vacca, 2009). A network firewall controls the traffic flow between two or more networks, and are typically the form of a software application, but dedicated physical devices are also used. Host-based firewalls on the other hand only controls the traffic for an individual machine (PersonalFirewall, 2017). Both types of firewalls use a set of pre-defined rules that are defined by an administrator through the use of either built in or third party software (see figure 9). Utilizing a firewall as an extra layer of security is a must for many individual computers and networks, as they provide many strengths including: enforcing security and policies for an organizations infrastructure, restricting access to specific services, removes the need to compromise between usability and security, and provides the ability for an administrator to monitor the traffic that flows through the network. Whilst providing many strengths, it does however also have some weaknesses including: only being capable of stopping the traffic that passes through the firewall itself, no ability to protect against an approved item, and they cannot protect against issues created from within the network. 3.2 Intrusion Detection Systems Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are another method used to detect network activity. These systems can take the form of either a device or software application that monitors networks/systems for malicious and/or policy violations (Kurose. 2013); and is logged and handled by management software. IDS systems can be categorized into two types: signature-based and anomaly-based. A signature based IDS maintains a database of known attack signatures. Each signature is simply a set of rules retaining characteristics about a known packet(s), such as port numbers, protocol types, string of bits. Signatures are normally created by network security engineers, however customizations and additions can be made. Despite Signature-based IDS systems being widely deployed, they do have limitations. Most notably, they require previous knowledge of the attack to generate an accurate signature. An anomaly based IDS on the other hand creates a traffic profile as it observes during normal operation, seeking packets that are unusual statistically. The one major benefit about anomaly-based IDS systems is that they dont rely on previous knowledge about existing attacks, as they can potentially detect new attacks on the go. On the other hand, it is an extremely challenging problem to distinguish between normal traffic and simply unusual traffic. In conclusion, it is clear from the literature reviewed that wireless networking has become an extremely popular and sophisticated technology, but brings many security issues along with its use over traditional wired connectivity. As wireless networks utilize electromagnetic waves to transfer data, it is much easier for unwanted users to gain access to the data being transferred between a client and access point. Therefore, resulting in a combination of security features being required, including encrypted authentication and data transfer; along with extra layers such as a firewall and intrusion detection/prevention systems. With new technologies being developed and standards updated, it is vital that these technologies are used to provide the best security when using wireless networking. References Al Tamimi, A. (2006). Security in Wireless Data Networks : A Survey Paper. [online] Cs.wustl.edu. Available at: http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/wireless_security/index.html Boudriga, N. and Boudriga, N. (2010). Security of mobile communications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Beal, V. (2017). What is Service Set Identifier (SSID)? Webopedia Definition. [online] Webopedia.com. Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SSID.html Cisco. (2008). Network VirtualizationAccess Control Design Guide. [online] Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Network_Virtualization/AccContr.html Cisco. (2008). Authentication Types for Wireless Devices. [online] Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/access/wireless/software/guide/SecurityAuthenticationTypes.html Farshchi, J. (2003) The Essential Components of a Wireless Policy. Wireless Network Policy Development. Part Two. Symantec Corp. 10 October 2003. URL: http://www.securityfocus.com/printable/infocus/1735 IEEE Standard for Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific Requirements-Part 11. (1997). [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified]. IEEE 802.11i-2004: Amendment 6: Medium Access Control (MAC) Security Enhancements (pdf), IEEE Standards Intel. 2017. Wireless Ethernet LAN (WLAN). (2017). 1st ed. [ebook] Intel. Available at: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/faqs/wireless-ethernet-lan-faq1.pdf InfoExpress. (2017). Detecting and Preventing MAC Spoofing. [online] Available at: https://infoexpress.com/content/practical/142 Kurose, J. and Ross, K. (2013). Computer networking. Boston: Pearson Mitchell, B. (2016) Wireless Internet Service: An Introduction Microsoft. (2003). How 802.11 Wireless Works. [online] Available at: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc757419(v=ws.10).aspx Netgear. 2014. Wireless Access Points. [ONLINE] Available at: https://kb.netgear.com/235/What-is-a-wireless-access-point?cid=wmt_netgear_organic Netgear. (2016). How to configure Access Control or MAC Filtering (Smart Wizard routers) | Answer | NETGEAR Support. [online] Available at: https://kb.netgear.com/13112/How-to-configure-Access-Control-or-MAC-Filtering-Smart-Wizard-routers?cid=wmt_netgear_organic Netgear. (2017). WEP Open System Authentication. [online] Available at: http://documentation.netgear.com/reference/nld/wireless/WirelessNetworkingBasics-3-08.html Ou, G. (2005). The six dumbest ways to secure a wireless LAN | ZDNet. [online] ZDNet. Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-six-dumbest-ways-to-secure-a-wireless-lan/ OBrien, J. Marakas, G.M.(2008) Management Information Systems PersonalFirewall. (2017). What is a Firewall? | How does a Firewall Protect your Computer. [online] Available at: https://personalfirewall.comodo.com/what-is-firewall.html Qnx.com. (2017). Help QNX SDP 6.6 Documentation. [online] Available at: http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/660/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.qnx.doc.core_networking%2Ftopic%2Fwpa_background_Connecting_WEP.html Schenk, R. Garcia, A. Iwanchuk, R. Wireless LAN Deployment and Security Basics. (2001). ExtremeTech.com. URL: http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,3973,1073,00.asp Sheridan (2017). Printing Services Optimizing Client Printing at Sheridan. [online] Available at: https://it.sheridancollege.ca/service-catalogue/printing/printing-optimization.html Chaudhary, S. (2014). Hack WPA/WPA2 PSK Capturing the Handshake. [online] Kali Linux Hacking Tutorials. Available at: http://www.kalitutorials.net/2014/06/hack-wpa-2-psk-capturing-handshake.html Vacca, J. (2009). Computer and information security handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Wallace, K. (2011). CompTIA Network+ Cert Guide: Connecting Wirelessly | Foundation Topics | Pearson IT Certification. [online] Pearsonitcertification.com. Available at: http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1773082 NIST, 2007 Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) (PDF).

Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay -- Science Reproduction Pregnan

Assisted Reproductive Technology In the United States in the year 2001, 40687 babies were born as a result of 107587 assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures (Wright, et.al, 2004). It has been estimated that one in six couples in the United States experiences some difficulty conceiving a child, and that 8.5% of married couples (2.3 million couples) in the U.S. are, in fact, infertile (Kilner, et.al, 2000; Wekesser, et.al, 1996). Assisted reproductive technology is becoming more widely available and efficient. In The Reproductive Revolution, it is stated that â€Å"considering the various configurations and technologies, there are at least thirty-eight ways to ‘make a baby’ today† (Kilner, et.al, 2000). But along with these innovations come many questions concerning the possible applications of these procedures. With the breadth and complexity of reproductive technology available today, it is important to explore not only the biological, but also the social and ethical implications of the se procedures. Procedures and Methods of Assisted Reproductive Technologies Artificial Insemination Artificial insemination is easily the oldest and simplest form of reproductive technology – it has been used for over a century. In this procedure, sperm, obtained through a donation of semen, are artificially introduced into the uterus to fertilize an egg that has been released naturally. Historically, this has been a very confidential procedure; anonymous donors are used, and often even the resulting children are unaware that they have different genetic and social fathers. The first sperm bank was established in the year 1950, and it is estimated that there could be around one million donor insemination adults in the United Sta... ...: Feminist Perspectives. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Cohen, C.B. (1996) New Ways of Making Babies: The Case of Egg Donation. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Kilner, J.F., P.C. Cunningham, and W.D. Hager. (2000) The Reproduction Revolution: A Christian Appraisal of Sexuality, Reproductive Technologies, and the Family. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Strong, Carson. (1997) Ethics is Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine: A New Framework. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Wekesser, C., et.al. (1996) Reproductive Technologies. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Wright, V.C., et.al. (2004, April 30) Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance --- United States, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Surveillance Summaries. 53 (SS01), 1-20. Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay -- Science Reproduction Pregnan Assisted Reproductive Technology In the United States in the year 2001, 40687 babies were born as a result of 107587 assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures (Wright, et.al, 2004). It has been estimated that one in six couples in the United States experiences some difficulty conceiving a child, and that 8.5% of married couples (2.3 million couples) in the U.S. are, in fact, infertile (Kilner, et.al, 2000; Wekesser, et.al, 1996). Assisted reproductive technology is becoming more widely available and efficient. In The Reproductive Revolution, it is stated that â€Å"considering the various configurations and technologies, there are at least thirty-eight ways to ‘make a baby’ today† (Kilner, et.al, 2000). But along with these innovations come many questions concerning the possible applications of these procedures. With the breadth and complexity of reproductive technology available today, it is important to explore not only the biological, but also the social and ethical implications of the se procedures. Procedures and Methods of Assisted Reproductive Technologies Artificial Insemination Artificial insemination is easily the oldest and simplest form of reproductive technology – it has been used for over a century. In this procedure, sperm, obtained through a donation of semen, are artificially introduced into the uterus to fertilize an egg that has been released naturally. Historically, this has been a very confidential procedure; anonymous donors are used, and often even the resulting children are unaware that they have different genetic and social fathers. The first sperm bank was established in the year 1950, and it is estimated that there could be around one million donor insemination adults in the United Sta... ...: Feminist Perspectives. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Cohen, C.B. (1996) New Ways of Making Babies: The Case of Egg Donation. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Kilner, J.F., P.C. Cunningham, and W.D. Hager. (2000) The Reproduction Revolution: A Christian Appraisal of Sexuality, Reproductive Technologies, and the Family. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Strong, Carson. (1997) Ethics is Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine: A New Framework. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Wekesser, C., et.al. (1996) Reproductive Technologies. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Wright, V.C., et.al. (2004, April 30) Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance --- United States, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Surveillance Summaries. 53 (SS01), 1-20.

Italian Mafia Essay -- History

Italian Mafia The Mafia was first developed in Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of landlords who were out of town. The word Mafia, derived from the Sicilian word, Mafioso, means family. Today, Mafia is a name which describes a loose association of criminal groups. These groups can be bound together by blood, oath or sworn secrecy. Many people had considered the Sicilian Mafia as the most ruthless mobsters of the twentieth century. By the nineteenth century, the Mafia had become known as a network of criminal thugs that dominated the Sicilian countryside. Members of the Mafia were bound by Omerta. Omerta, an Italian word, stands for a strict code of conduct. The code include avoiding all contact or cooperation with authorities. In the beginning the Mafia had no centralized organization. It consisted of many small groups. Each of these groups was considered as a district. And, each of these districts, had its own form of government. The Mafia had gained their strong-arm by using scare tactics amongst the people. By using these terroristic methods against peasants who could vote, the Mafia used this upper hand in placing themselves into political offices. They would achieve this in several communities. Using this political power in their advantage, the Mafia was able to gain influence with police authorities and the ability to obtain legal access to weapons. Benito Mussolini was the premier-dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He was the founder and leader of Italian Fascism. Mussolini, along with his Facets government, was able to successfully suppress the Mafia during the time of World War II. However, after the war ended in 1945, the Mafia emerged and ruled once again. Over the next thirty years, the Sicilian Mafia was not only able to gain control Sicily, but all of Italy as well. In the second half of the nineteenth century, America had the largest number of immigrants moving to the United States ever known. There is a recorded three million Irish, four million Italians, and four million Jews that immigrated to the United States during the later half of the nineteenth century. People immigrated for a number of reasons. Many of them dreamed of leaving behind their old worlds. Worlds of oppression, fear, and crime. Unfortunately, this dream was shattered for many of the immigrants. For those who migrated to Chicago, severa... ... the rest of his life in his mansion in Miami Beach, Florida. A great contribution to the Chicago Mafia died alone in 1947. In the early 1980's, the Italian government launched an anti-Mafia campaign throughout all of Italy. Not only did this lead to a number of arrests and trials, but it also was the reason for several assignations of key law-enforcement officials whom were in retaliation. For the past two decades, both America and Italy have been cracking down on the organized crime group known as the Mafia. Criminal activities concerning those involved in the Mafia have declined dramatically. The modern underworld crime of today consists of business men and women with a strong knowledge of computers. Old world ways such as killing, riots, and vendetta have been done away with. Today's "mobsters" are highly educated extortionists dressed in suites. The old ways of organized crime will never be the same again. The desire, need, brutality, wisdom, and style of what we know as the Italian Mafia only exists in books and movies. In my opinion, the time of the Prohibition was, and always will be the most recognizable time of the underworld because of the Italian Mafia.

George Washington :: essays research papers

Find in this article Print article Send us feedback More Media (11 items) Article Outline Introduction, Early Life, Early Career, General of the Continental Army, Return Home, President of the United States, Second Term as President, Last Years I. IntroductionPrint section Washington, George (1732-1799), first president of the United States (1789-1797) and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. Laboring against great difficulties, he created the Continental Army, which fought and won the American Revolution (1775-1783), out of what was little more than an armed mob. After an eight-year struggle, his design for victory brought final defeat to the British at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced Great Britain to grant independence to its overseas possession. With victory won, Washington was the most revered man in the United States. Advertisement A lesser person might have used this power to establish a military dictatorship or to become king. Washington sternly suppressed all such attempts on his behalf by his officers and continued to obey the weak and divided Continental Congress. However, he never ceased to work for the union of the states under a strong central government. He was a leading influence in persuading the states to participate in the Constitutional Convention, over which he presided, and he used his immense prestige to help gain ratification of its product, the Constitution of the United States. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington reluctantly accepted the presidency of the United States. Probably no other man could have succeeded in welding the states into a lasting union. Washington fully understood the significance of his presidency. â€Å"I walk on untrodden ground,† he said. â€Å"There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn in precedent.

Guiding principle for assessment of student learning Essay

Evaluation should bebased on clearly stated objectives. An objective is defined as the statement of the expected behaviors that the student should display after instruction or teaching. These objectives serve as basis for constructing and using assessment instruments to assess students’ learning. The expected behaviors are somehow related to either of the following, but not limited to: 1) knowledge; 2) reasoning; 3) skills; 4) products; or, 5) affects. Knowledge – refers to the cognitive activities which include memorizing, recalling of facts, understanding of concepts and meanings, analysing the relationships of related facts, synthesizing or related facts and principles, and evaluating the outcomes of the relationships of concepts and principles. Reasoning – is a behavior which refers to the cognitive activities which require the use of presentation, justification, and rationalization of the existence of facts, concepts, theories, and principles. Skills – defined as the ability to use once knowledge effectively and readily in the execution of performance of a specific task. This requires three elements in the skill: 1) sensing; 2) precision (accuracy); and, 3) timing. Products – refers to psychomotor activities that show the end result of using the abilities to manipulate, apply, and operate facts, concepts and principles in real-life situations. Affects – refers to the activities that show values, morals, ethics, ideals, and standards in life. B. The Principle of Appropriateness of Assessment Evaluation procedures and techniques should be selected in terms of the clearly stated objectives (Gronlund, 1981).There are various formats of assessment instruments from which the teacher can choose for classroom use. The suggested general formats are the following: Objective test – are those that require one and only one correct answer and no possible answers. Reganit, et al.(2004) posits that an objective test is made up of items for which correct responses maybe set up in advance. There are different types of objective test item formats, these are: 1) supply type; 2) matching type; 3) alternate-response type; 4) labelling; 5) enumeration; and, 6) multiple choice. Subjective test – res are evaluated by giving an opinion about the issue, concepts, ideas, and the like. In an English class, a test for the assessment of students’ writing skills are often considered as subjective because it require the teacher to rate a piece of work based on his/her personal interpretation. The raters can assign the corresponding points depending upon the quality of the piece of writing output. Performance test – when the objective of the lesson requires that at the end of the lesson the student are required to perform in an activity, the appropriate test to measure the achievement of this objective is a performance test. Oral Reasoning– when the instructional objective states that â€Å" at the end of the lesson the pupils orally defend their stand on the issue,† then an oral reasoning test is appropriate. Observation – Reed and Bergmann (2001) observation is one effective means of learning†¦how students response to classroom environment. This assessment method can be done by the teacher, co-student, or even parents. Self – Reports – students may be required to write personal opinions, journals, and reflection about a learning activity.Fromthese self-made reports, the teachers evaluate whether or not these students have learn the concepts taught in the classroom.

Diet Plan

The diet plan presented puts a heavy emphasis on protein. High protein diets are typically successful for people who desire to lose weight. However, twenty-five years of nutritional research suggests that high protein diets include higher intakes of cholesterol and saturated fat. Further, nutritional research suggests that overall consumption of fat and sugar be drastically reduced. In order to achieve such a diet, it is necessary to increase overall consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables and the same time.Therefore, it is currently recommended that human diets comprise mainly of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean meat and dairy. Despite this recommendation, the most popular diet in America remains the low carbohydrate, high protein Atkins diet. The reason this diet is so popular is because it can truly enable human beings to lose weight. The danger in eating according to this, or any other high protein diet, is a lack in adequate nutrition gained from eating a var iety of foods within all food groups.A scientific analysis of this particular diet is offered in order to show that it may enable a person to lose weight but it is not a healthy diet. The main premise behind high protein diets is that they allow a dieter to feel full for a longer period of time. Therefore, it can be assumed that if the dieter felt full they would eat less overall. Restricting overall calorie intake is an important part of any diet plan, but adhering to a high protein diet only ensures that dieters are eating far too much cholesterol and saturated fat and not enough healthy carbohydrates.The diet being analyzed here puts too much emphasis on protein and not enough emphasis on whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean dairy. For example, almost every lunch and dinner meal includes eggs or meat. While eggs and meat are certainly healthy, they should not make up the majority of any diet. Further, the diet being analyzed includes some fruits and vegetables but not enough servings to reach recommended guidelines. There are many days where fruit is not included at all within the diet. Similarly, a variety of fruits and vegetables are not included.The emphasis on vegetables is carrots and lettuce with a few servings of spinach and one serving of broccoli. There is not an inclusion of any whole grains with the exception of toast for breakfast on one day. However, it is not clear what type of bread is used for the toast. Finally, there are only two examples of low fat dairy included in the diet plan, which are cottage cheese and yogurt. It has been well documented that human beings must rely on a well balanced diet that includes lean protein as well as enough servings of other foods so that adequate vitamin and mineral intake can be maintained.Plant based foods are particularly important because they contain the majority of vitamins, minerals and trace elements necessary to maintain good health. Plant based foods also contain a wide range of antioxidant s which boost the overall immune system and protect humans from certain illnesses and disease. Therefore, research emphasizes that a healthy diet â€Å"prevents nutrient deficiencies, reduces risks of diet related chronic diseases and is composed of foods that are safe and palatable. † The diet plan analyzed here is lacking in several areas.The first is the high concentration of protein. Consuming such high amounts of protein does meet the goal of making a person feel fuller for a longer period of time. At the same time, it also restricts the amount of other foods that are eaten. In order to prevent nutrient deficiencies and reduce the chance of chronic illness this diet would need to include a much higher concentration of plant based foods such as fruits, vegetables and those made with whole grains. Further, the food one eats must be palatable in order to ensure success.This diet relies on the same foods over and over again which will only result in boredom and the inability to stick with the diet. Overall, the diet should include a wider variety of foods from all food groups in order to ensure adequate nutrition as well as the desire to continue with the diet for the long term. The United Kingdom relies on the Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients when showing the importance of eating a wide variety of foods in order to get enough of all the recommended vitamins, nutrients and trace minerals necessary for health.These guidelines are published in order to ensure that the majority of the population understands what they need to consume in order maintain good health. This diet does not meet these guidelines in many areas and cannot be considered a healthy and safe diet. For example, these guidelines recommend that adults consume at least 200 micrograms of folate every day for optimum health. However, folate is primarily found in plant based foods. This diet does not include enough plant foods to ensure adequate intake of folate.Similarly , these guidelines recommend that adults consume at least 600 micrograms of Vitamin A each day. Again, this diet includes carrots, which is a good source of Vitamin A, but only on a few days. Therefore, those following this diet plan would also be lacking in Vitamin A. Ultimately, this diet plan can guarantee weight loss but it cannot guarantee optimum health. It would be recommended that dieters consume less protein and more whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean dairy.

What Dramatic Devices Were Used in the Inspector Calls

A little help with Analyse of The Inspector Calls by J. B Priestly. Detailed explanations of Dramatic devises used, backing quotes in an essay format. Within the play An Inspector Calls J. B Priestly uses numerous dramatic devises to get across his message of moral, class and political influence. In this essay I am going to explore and illustrate some key and subtle points in act one and further, of these themes of which Priestly works towards to influence the audience and finds himself involved in. The first hints of his central themes are imposed when J. B describes the scene and setting of the first act.An immediate perception is given off towards the audience of ‘heavily comfortable house. ’ With this being a place of constant setting, a reflection of real time and naturalism is released. The lighting prescribed for the scene also creates the mood of the play. Priestly states within his stage directions the lighting should be ‘pink and intimate’ prior to the inspector arrives a shaded glow of rose tint then should grow ‘brighter and harder’. In context and example of these stage directions are as pursued. ‘The dining room of a fairly large suburban house, belonging to a prosperous manufacturer.It has good solid furniture of the period. At the moment they have all had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion, and are pleased with themselves. ’ Subtly is added to the atmosphere presented to the audience when the notion of not all is as it seems is suggested. Initially the ambience obtained appears slightly forced. This is exemplified trough the mannerism of Eric’s nervousness, Shelia’s unknowing curiosity of Gerald’s whereabouts the previous summer and the reasons behind Gerald’s parents, Lord and Lady Croft, for not attending the engagement dinner.The spectators of the play may be stimulated due to the use of this dramatic devise, of the unknowing, indefinite being impli ed on what should be a comfortable scene, this works because of natural human curiosity searching for something deeper amongst the characters and setting. Another devise used to enhance the play writer’s dramatic concepts is the use of dramatic irony and tone. These are used when the knowledge of the audience exceeds those of the characters within the play. This technique of dramatic irony is in attendance when Mr Birling makes self-assured conjectures about the coming war and the ship Titanic being unsinkable.For example J. B Priestley uses techniques to expose Birling’s naivety and generation gap, for example Birling’s speech, ‘Why a friend of mine went over this new liner last week – the Titanic – she sails next week – forty six thousand eight hundred tons – New York in five days – and every luxury – and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable. That’s what you have got to keep your eye on, facts like that, prog ress like that –and not a few German officers talking nonsense and a few scaremongers here making a fuss about nothing. Now you three young people just listen to this – and remember what I am telling you now.In twenty or thirty years’ time – let’s say in 1940 – you may be giving a little party like this – your son or daughter may be getting engaged – and I tell, by that time you’ll be living in a world that’ll have forgotten all these Capital versus Labour agitations and all these silly little war scares. There’ll be peace and prosperity and rapid progress everywhere – accept of course in Russia, which will always be behindhand naturally. ’ This tactic makes the spectators of the play feel involved with the play due to their knowledgeable, advantaged background.Tension is also secured throughout the play as each character holds significant connection with the suicide victim, Eva Smith, who rep resents the universal populace. By making Eva a representation rather than a real character the moral of the play is taken more literally. The contribution from each character also produces a deeper and more involved structure towards the play’s plot. The Inspector, the true voice/mouth piece of Priestly adds a dramatic tone. The character is directed with the use of pace and tension and presents each idea and enquiry without conjunction, by observing and exposing each statement from an individual’s account.This method slowly throws light on the core of Eva’s life and the real effect of classes on a wider population. Another devise used by the inspector is an aura of menacing, ominous gloom, with is brought on with the added value of his ability to manipulate and influence the rest of the people in conjunction with his line of enquiries, due to his dominance. This is presented at the end of Act one and further on during the play and an example of this is ‘ That’s what I asked myself tonight when I was looking at that dead girl.And then I said to myself â€Å"Well, we’ll try to understand why it had to happen? † And that’s why I’m here, and that’s why I’m not going until I know all that happened. Eva Smith lost her job with Birling and Company because the strike failed and they were determined not to have another one. At least she found another job- under what name I don’t know- in a big shop, and had to leave there because you were annoyed with yourself and passed the annoyance on to her. Now she had to try something else. So first she changed her name to Daisy Renton-‘The final devises of great importance are tension and timing. Within the performance copious alterations in tone are witnesses. A key example of this is the attitude and confidence of Mr Birling showing amendment and supplanted actions, initially with self-justification endeavouring to elucidate his function in the bereavement of Eva/ (the citizens of the world in the class struggle). ‘, and as it happened more than eighteen months ago- nearly two years ago- obviously it has nothing whatever to do with the wretched girl’s suicide. Anxiety is then portrayed by Mr Birling ‘Oh well-put like that, there’s something in what you say. Still, I can’t accept and responsibility. If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody we’d had anything to do with, it would be very awkward, wouldn’t it? ’ Timing which features is a critical decisive; with stage directions of speech, movement exits, entrances and sounds. A strategic illustration of this is the arrival of the Inspector instantaneously, subsequent to Mr Birling notifying Gerald about his imminent knighthood and regards of how ‘a man has to look after himself and his own. In conclusion many devises are used throughout act one, some overlapping and although some ar e subtle, each technique holds great presence and importance within the play to convey J. B Priestley’s ideology of class struggle. Citizenship values are portrayed and the dependence each person shares to one another come through. This is voiced through the inspector as Priestley’s own mouth piece and with Eva as example of consequence from such actions.